Psychology-Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psychology Psychology-Chapter 7 Paper Psychology-Chapter 7 Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about ____ digits in mind at a time. seven Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. This is an example of aan episodic memory. The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as episodic memory. Recall of what your professor said in class is ____ memory, and recall of what you wore that day are instances of ____ memory. semantic; episodic General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to ____ memory. semantic Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracys ____ memory made this possible. implicit The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called prospective memory. The stages of information processing in memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval Which of the following could be used to store The Star Spangled Banner song in memory? acoustic code ____ means maintaining information over time. Storage While doing his homework, Joe noticed that he was having difficulty remembering a formula for his statistics assignment. He realized he would have to review it more often to be able to recall the information. Psychologist refer to his realization as metamemory. A psychology student wants to know how to remember the various aspects of operant conditioning. His teacher tells him to relate it to classical conditioning, which he already knows. This is an example of ____ rehearsal. elaborative The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as retrieval Sofia is taking a chemistry exam. She has not studied conscientiously, and the meanings of the chemical suffixes seem to be confusing. Sofias difficulty in remembering is most probably due to encoding failure. Psychologist believe that we possess a sensory register for each of our sensory systems. Photographic memory involves iconic memory and eidetic imagery. The memory that enables one to hold information for a limited time in their mind is called short term memory. To save information that is in short term memory you must repeat the information mentally or out loud. The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and our expectations are built around cognitive structures called schemas. ____ is formed in long-term memory by organizing information into groups of classes according to common or distinct features. Hierarchical structure Remembering nonsense syllables is difficult because they are meaningless and require acoustic coding and maintenance rehearsal. In taking the position that only fill-in-the-blank tests are suitable for testing the knowledge of students, Professor Terry is mainly interested in measuring recall When old information interferes with the recall of new information this is ____; when new information interferes with the recall of old information this is ____. proactive interference; retroactive interference Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative amnesia involves repression Freud discovered that many patients could not recall episodes that happened prior to the age of three and that their recall was cloudy through the age of five. He identified this phenomenon as ____ amnesia. infantile

Genealogy and Jewish Last Name Origins

Genealogy and Jewish Last Name Origins Many of the names that people think sound Jewish are, in fact, simple German, Russian, or Polish surnames. You generally cant identify Jewish ancestry by a surname alone. Actually, there are really only three surnames (and their variations) that are generally specifically Jewish: Cohen, Levy, and Israel. Yet, even variations of these common Jewish-specific surnames may not be Jewish in origin. The surnames Cohan and even Cohen, for example, could instead be an Irish surname, derived from OCadham (descendant of Cadhan). Clues to Surnames That May Be Jewish While few names are specifically Jewish, there are certain surnames that are more commonly found among Jews: Names ending in -berg (Weinberg, Goldberg)Names ending in -stein (Einstein, Hofstein)Names ending in -witz (Rabinowitz, Horowitz)Names ending in -baum (Metzenbaum, Himmelbaum)Names ending in -thal (Blumenthal, Eichenthal)Names ending in -ler (Adler, Winkler)Names ending in -feld (Seinfeld, Berkenfeld)Names ending in -blum (Weissblum, Rosenblum)Names  having to do with  wealth (Goldberg, Silverstein)Names derived from Hebrew words (Mizrachi, from mizrakhi, meaning eastern, or easterner) Some Jewish surnames may originate from professions that are exclusive to Jews. The surname Shamash, and its variations such as Klausner, Templer, and Shuldiner, means shamash, a synagogue sexton. Chazanian, Chazanski, and Chasanov all derive from chazan, a cantor. Another common origin for  Jewish surnames are house names, referring to a distinctive sign attached to a house in the days before street numbers and addresses (a practice primarily in Germany, by both Gentiles and Jews). The most famous of these Jewish house names is Rothschild,  or red shield, for a house distinguished by a red sign. Many Common Jewish Last Names Sound German Many Jewish-sounding surnames are actually German in origin. This may be due to a  1787 Austro-Hungarian law  that required Jews to register a permanent family surname, a name they also required to be German. The decree also required that all surnames that had previously been used in Jewish families, such as those originating from a place where the family lived, should be totally abandoned.  The chosen names were subject to the approval of Austrian officials, and if a name was not chosen, one was assigned.   In 1808, Napoleon issued a similar decree that compelled Jews outside of Germany and Prussia to adopt a surname within three months of the decree, or within three months of moving into the French Empire. Similar laws requiring Jewish people to adopt permanent surnames were passed at various times by different countries, some well into the latter half of the 19th century. A Surname Alone Cant Identify Jewish Ancestry While many of the above surnames have a greater likelihood of belonging to a Jewish family, you cant assume that any of the last names are actually Jewish, no matter how Jewish they may sound to you, or how many Jewish families you know with that name. The third most common Jewish surname in America (after Cohen and Levy) is Miller, which is also obviously a very common surname for Gentiles as well. Resources and Further Reading Rieder, Estee. â€Å"Whats in a Name?† Mishpacha Magazine, Jewish World Review, 2007.